Defining and Measuring Coproduction: Deriving Lessons from Practicing Local Government Managers
研究调查了美国市县中共同生产（政府与公民联合提供服务）的实施模式，发现近半数政府已实施至少一个阶段，且实施程度可用单维度量表测量，人口多、服务多、管理更专业及西部地区的政府更常实施。
Abstract Following a lapse in scholarly attention, coproduction, the joint production of services by government officials and citizens, has re‐emerged as an important topic. However, the field lacks information on broad parameters of coproduction implementation and how public managers view coproduction. To address the lacuna, this study examines patterns of implementation of coproduction in a national sample of municipalities and counties in the U.S. According to their chief administrators, nearly half these governments have implemented one or more stages of coproduction, although co‐delivery of services occurs least often. Empirical analysis suggests that the implementation of coproduction, as perceived by local government managers, can be measured along a unidimensional scale and that this measurement scale is robust across different subgroups. We also find that local governments that have a larger population, provide more services, have more professional forms of administration, and are located in the western U.S. more often implement elements of coproduction .