Opportunities and challenges in implementing Smart Specialisation in Nordic ‘strong innovator’ regions
研究了芬兰、挪威和丹麦三个“强创新者”地区实施智能专业化战略的经验，发现每个地区面临不同的挑战，并探讨了如何平衡地方独特问题与通用支持方法。
In this paper we consider the experience of implementing the Smart Specialisation Strategy (S3) in three regions in Finland, Norway and Denmark. We highlight the challenges each of these ‘strong innovator’ regions has faced in implementing S3. We elucidate the fact that each region faced different challenges when implementing S3. We extend a discussion around place-based policy, which is designed in a regionally bespoke and bottom-up manner, suggesting that this will inherently throw up unique and variable place-based challenges, questioning how to balance this uniqueness of problems with a universally applicable approach and support infrastructure.