Working from home, hours worked and wages: Heterogeneity by gender and parenthood
利用1997-2014年德国社会经济面板数据，发现居家办公后无子女员工每周多工作一小时无偿加班且满意度更高；父母群体中性别差异缩小，但时薪增长仅限父亲，除非母亲换雇主。
Working from home (WfH) has been widely adopted since the Covid-19 pandemic. Pre-pandemic evidence on how hybrid work arrangements relate to labour market outcomes is a scarce and valuable benchmark. We exploit the German Socio-Economic Panel between 1997 and 2014 to investigate how such a work arrangement relates to working hours, wages and job satisfaction for different demographic groups. We find that childless employees work an extra hour of unpaid overtime per week and report higher job satisfaction after taking up WfH. Among parents, gender differences in working hours and monthly earnings are lower after WfH take-up. However, hourly wage increases with WfH take-up are limited to fathers, unless mothers change employers. We discuss the role of career changes, commuting and working-time flexibility in explaining these findings.