Unintended Consequences of Immigration Enforcement
利用美国安全社区政策的逐步推行，研究发现该移民执法政策减少了受过大学教育的美国本土母亲（尤其是有幼儿者）的劳动供给，原因在于执法导致非法移民减少，提高了家庭生产外包的成本。
<h3>Abstract</h3> Immigration enforcement has intensified in the U.S., however, there is little evidence on its effect on U.S.-born individuals' labor outcomes. Exploiting the staggered rollout of a large, federal enforcement policy–Secure Communities (SC)–across local areas, we estimate a difference-in-differences model with time and location fixed effects. We find that SC reduced the labor supply of college-educated U.S.-born mothers with young children. If SC exposure occurred when children are below age 3, the negative effects on labor supply persist over time. We further show increased cost of outsourcing household production, due to reduced undocumented immigrants' labor supply, is an important mechanism.