Wheat policy and economy‐wide reform in Brazil
研究了巴西小麦部门从政府保护转向自由市场的过程，测算了1970-1989年间近80亿美元的补贴支出，并分析了政策变化对生产者、消费者福利及自给率的影响。
Abstract In recent years, the wheat sector in Brazil has moved from governmental protection and public intervention to a free market and privatization. In this study, those changes are analyzed through measures of governmental intervention on nominal rates of protection and on welfare of producers and consumers. Elasticities of demand and supply of wheat are estimated, and the effects of changes in policies are analyzed under official and shadow exchange rates. Welfare measures indicate that almost US$ 8 billion were spent from 1970 until 1989 with policies to subsidize producers and consumers. The policy‐induced stimulus to consumer demand exceeded the stimulus to domestic production, and self sufficiency in wheat declined. The reduction in wheat subsidies since 1989 was more than an isolated sector‐specific policy. It was part of macroeconomic antiinflation policy, and it coincided with other economy‐wide changes such as real appreciation and a decline in international commodity prices.