Lead Water Pipes and Infant Mortality at the Turn of the Twentieth Century
利用马萨诸塞州数据，比较使用铅水管与无铅水管城市的婴儿死亡率，发现铅水管使婴儿死亡率增加25%至50%，在酸性水和新管道城市中影响更严重。
Abstract In 1897, about half of all American municipalities used lead pipes to distribute water. Employing data from Massachusetts, this paper compares infant death rates in cities that used lead water pipes to rates in cities that used nonlead pipes. In the average town in 1900, the use of lead pipes increased infant mortality by 25 to 50 percent. However, in cities using new pipes and distributing acidic water, lead pipes increased infant mortality three- to four-fold. Qualitative evidence supports the econometric results and indicates the adverse effects of lead extended beyond Massachusetts.