Career-relevant learning and development, worker age, and beliefs about self-efficacy for development
探讨了随着年龄增长，员工对职业相关学习与技能发展的自信心（自我效能感）下降，进而导致其参与学习与发展活动减少的现象，并分析了组织环境中可能削弱这种自信心的因素，为管理年长员工和未来研究提供了建议。
While employee continuous learning is increasing in importance and labor markets are tightening, the average age of workers is also increasing. But older workers may not participate in learning and development activities as much as younger workers. This paper explores an important and under-recognized factor that may contribute to this age effect: a decline in self-confidence (or self-efficacy) for career-relevant learning and skill development with age. The review explores various factors in an organizational setting which might lead to reduced self-confidence for learning, and subsequently, lower participation in learning/development activities. Suggestions for managing older workers and for research on this topic are offered.