Habits Revealed
在显示偏好传统下，提出了理性内在习惯模型的必要充分条件，这些条件计算简便并能识别模型特征。应用于微观面板数据发现，加入习惯形成显著提高了贴现效用模型对数据的理性化能力，即使习惯被拒绝，价格和利率的适度异质性也能使消费行为符合理论。
This paper sets out necessary and sufficient empirical conditions for rational intrinsic habits models in the revealed preference tradition of <cross-ref type="bib" refid="R41">Samuelson (1948)</cross-ref>, <cross-ref type="bib" refid="R29">Houthakker (1950)</cross-ref>, <cross-ref type="bib" refid="R3">Afriat (1967)</cross-ref>, and <cross-ref type="bib" refid="R11">Browning (1989)</cross-ref>. The conditions in the paper are shown to be computationally straightforward and to yield set identification for certain features of the model. The ideas outlined are applied to a microeconomic panel dataset. The addition of habit formation to the discounted utility model is shown to improve the rationalizability of the microdata considerably. Even if habit formation is rejected, it is shown that modest and plausible allowance for heterogeneity in prices and interest rates is sufficient to bring consumption behaviour into line with the theory.