Strategies for environmental control: A comparison between regulation and centralized control in Germany and reforms leading to decentralized control in Sweden
构建了一个分析控制实施结构与过程的理论框架，并应用于德国与瑞典的环境控制策略比较，发现德国用详细立法应对可测量排放，而瑞典用开放式指令应对难测量的扩散排放，体现了从集中规制向分散控制的转变。
A theoretical framework for analysing control implementation structures and processes is discussed. The framework is applied to a comparative study of a control strategy implemented in Germany and one implemented in Sweden. The differences between these control strategies are explained. In Germany, legislation was used to combat single-source, measurable emissions. Environmental problems that are identifiable and measurable lend themselves to such detailed legislation. However, this is not the case with newly defined environmental problems such as diffuse emissions. Thus, in Sweden, openly formulated directives were used to combat diffuse, hard-to-measure emissions. This illustrates the recent tendency in Swedish environmental control, which is a change from centralized control through regulation to decentralization of environmental control through reforms. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.