Embodied Myopia
通过一项实地研究和五个实验，发现手臂弯曲（朝向自我）相比手臂伸展（远离自我）会增加对放纵品的购买和偏好，并导致更偏好小且即时的奖励，揭示了身体动作通过激活趋近动机影响跨期决策。
One field study and five experiments show that seemingly irrelevant bodily actions influence consumer behavior. These studies demonstrate that arm flexion (in which the motor action is directed toward the self) versus arm extension (in which the motor action is directed away from the self) influences purchase behavior, product preferences, and economic decisions. More specifically, arm flexion increases the likelihood of purchasing vice products (Study 1a), leads to a preference for vices over virtues (Studies 1b and 2a), and leads to preference for smaller, sooner over larger, later monetary rewards (Studies 2b, 3, and 4). The authors argue that arm flexion induces present-biased preferences through activation of approach motivation. The effect of bodily actions on present-biased preferences is regulated by the behavioral approach system (Studies 3 and 4) and relies on the learned association between arm flexion and activation of this approach system (Study 4). The authors discuss implications for intertemporal decision making, embodied cognition, and marketing practice.