Chops and Trademarks: Asian Trading Ports and Textile Branding, 1840–1920
本文通过研究殖民时期东南亚纺织品贸易中的品牌视觉与社会意义变迁，揭示了现代品牌化的前史，指出在文化接触中产品独特性逐渐取代生产者声誉成为品牌核心。
This article is a contribution to the prehistory of modern branding, presenting a case study of the textile trade in colonial Southeast Asia. The visual appearance of brands as well as their social meaning were altered in the cultural encounter of colonial trade. Through these encounters, trademarks were modernized: the reputation of a producer became less important than the distinctiveness of the product.