Cooperative strategy
提出了组织间互利合作战略的分类方案，包括池、交换、降级和实验/应急四种类型，并分析了它们在四种市场环境生命周期阶段中的应用，结合国内外商业、非营利和政府案例，探讨了合作战略对价值增值效率的影响。
Abstract This article develops a classification scheme for mutual gain cooperative strategies between and among different organizations. The cooperative strategies considered are pool, exchange, de‐escalate, and experiment/contingency. These cooperative strategies are considered in four types of game/market environmental life cycle situations: positive‐sum growth, zero‐sum mature, negative‐sum decline, and transformable to positive‐sum growth. Cases from domestic and international business, nonprofit and government organizations are illustrated. Literature examples from strategic management, evolutionary biology, game theory and ecosystems theory are synthesized and used as foundation and explanation. Positive and negative public policy implications of cooperative strategy are also considered. In most, but not all, cases, cooperative strategy appears to improve value‐added efficiency in a wide variety of environments and situations.