Flexibility and Standardization: Test of a Contingency Model of Product Design–Manufacturing Integration
基于74家企业的数据，检验了产品设计与制造整合的权变模型，发现不同设计新颖度下，组织和技术实践的组合效果不同，其中跨职能团队等柔性机制对新颖设计有益，而过程控制标准化则普遍有效。
This article proposes and tests a contingency model of system integration of product design and manufacturing among producers of goods involving tooling development. The model predicts which combinations of organizational and technical practices will be most effective under conditions of high and low design newness. The results, based on data from 74 firms, largely support the model. Differentiating mechanisms, such as a tall hierarchy and job specialization, are negatively associated with design–manufacturing integration, particularly for new designs. Socio‐integrative mechanisms, including such flexible practices as cross‐functional teaming and collocation, are positively related to design–manufacturing integration for new designs only. However, the use of in‐process design controls is positively related to design–manufacturing integration regardless of design newness, which suggests that some modes of standardization may be beneficial even for new designs.