A preliminary typology of organizational learning: Synthesizing the literature
基于自愿主义与决定论、方法性与涌现性行为两大对比，构建了六种组织学习类型（分析、实验、结构、综合、互动、制度），并提出了各自适用情境、典型结果及关系的假设。
Two fundamental contrasts among major organizational paradigms are used to construct a typology of organizational learning: these are voluntarism vs. determinism, and methodical vs. emergent behavior. Six kinds of learning are identified: the methodical modes, in descending order of voluntarism, include analytic, experimental and structural learning. The emergent modes, again in descending order of voluntarism, include synthetic, interactive and institutional learning. Hypotheses are generated about the appropriate contexts, typical outcomes and common relationships among these kinds of learning.