A Consumer Expenditure Approach to Estimating the Size of the Underground Economy
基于全国家庭概率样本，研究消费者在15类商品和服务中从非正规供应商购买的情况，发现地下经济在消费者支出中占比很小。
This research was designed to reveal the magnitude of consumer use of informal suppliers, in order to determine the level of unmeasured or “underground” economic activity in the U.S. economy. The results of this study are based on a national probability sample of households which reported their purchases across 15 broad categories of goods and services. The authors conclude that consumers' use of suppliers in the underground economy accounts for a very minor portion of consumer expenditures.