New Product Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry: Pooling Network Resources
研究了制药公司与其他组织之间资源（如资金、技术、知识产权）的池化现象，以及由此形成的网络如何为成员提供知识、经验和金融资源，并以Ciba-Geigy和Elan公司为例分析了网络效应。
Pharmaceutical innovation increasingly involves some pooling of resources of finance, equity, technology, information, and intellectual property between pharmaceutical companies and other organizations. The organizations and their exchanges constitute a network which can be regarded as a growing store of these varied resources preferentially accessible to network members. D. Jane Bower examines some network effects in management decision making in Ciba‐Geigy (Switzerland) and Elan Corporation (Ireland). She concludes that participation in a common network has enabled these firms to access a pool of resources of knowledge, experience, and finance. This pool has been generated by past exchanges among network members, including providers of finance, and has increased the network's collective reservoir of knowledge.