Impacts of price and exchange rate policies on pesticide use in the Philippines
研究了菲律宾政府的价格和汇率政策如何影响蔬菜种植中农药的使用，发现进口关税抑制农药使用，而汇率高估则补贴农药使用，净效果是6%至8%的农药补贴，未考虑健康外部性时带来经济剩余。
Abstract Pesticide prices can influence producer decisions to apply pesticides as opposed to nonchemical means of pest control. Those prices are are turn influenced by price and exchange rate policies. The effective rate of protection for nine pesticides commonly applied to vegetables in the Philippines was calculated to determine whether government policies are creating incentives or disincentives to adopt more integrated pest management methods. Calculations found that direct price policies, primarily through an import tariff, tax pesticide use while an overvalued exchange rate subsidizes pesticide use. The net effect is a 6 to 8% pesticide subsidy. This subsidy results in economic surplus gains to vegetable producers and consumers when negative externalities associated with pesticide use are not accounted for. However, recent analysis of human health effects of pesticide use on rice in the Philippines demonstrates that these externalities can be substantial.