Bootstrapping State-Space Models: Gaussian Maximum Likelihood Estimation and the Kalman Filter
提出用Bootstrap方法评估线性状态空间模型参数的高斯最大似然估计的精度，适用于ARMA模型，通过模拟和实际数据验证其优于传统渐近方法。
Abstract The bootstrap is proposed as a method for assessing the precision of Gaussian maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of linear state-space models. Our results also apply to autoregressive moving average models, since they are a special case of state-space models. It is shown that for a time-invariant, stable system, the bootstrap applied to the innovations yields asymptotically consistent standard errors. To investigate the performance of the bootstrap for finite sample lengths, simulation results are presented for a two-state model with 50 and 100 observations; two cases are investigated, one with real characteristic roots and one with complex characteristic roots. The bootstrap is then applied to two real data sets, one used in a test for efficient capital markets and one used to develop an autoregressive integrated moving average model for quarterly earnings data. We find the bootstrap to be of definite value over the conventional asymptotics.