Lead and Mortality
研究了1900至1920年间美国城市水中铅暴露对婴儿死亡率的影响，发现降低铅暴露可显著减少婴儿死亡。
This paper examines the effect of waterborne lead exposure on infant mortality in American cities over the period 1900 to 1920. Variation across cities in water acidity and the types of service pipes, which together determined the extent of lead exposure, identifies the effects of lead on infant mortality. In 1900, a decline in exposure equivalent to an increase in pH from 6.675 (25th percentile) to 7.3 (50th percentile) in cities with lead-only pipes would have been associated with a decrease in infant mortality of 7% to 33%, or at least twelve fewer infant deaths per 1, 000 live births. © 2014 The President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology