Impacts of foreign policies on the gains from research and promotion
比较了外国政策对本国福利的直接与间接影响，发现外国降价政策可能使本国研究与推广收益减少25-50%，以澳大利亚牛肉为例，间接影响甚至可能超过直接福利成本。
Abstract This paper compares llie direct and indirect effects of rest‐of‐the‐world (ROW) policy on welfare in country A: the direct effect due to the change in world price caused by (he policy in (he absence of research/promotion‐induced shifts in supply/demand, and the additional (or indirect) effect of the policy on (he welfare gain to country A from its investment in research and promotion. The results showed that the reduction in aggregate economic benefits from research/promotion due to a world price‐reducing policy in ROW could be in the range of 25‐50% of the direct reduction in social welfare due to the ROW policy. In the case of Australian beef/veal, it is possible for the welfare impact of the ROW policy via research payoff in country A to exceed the direct welfare cost.