Parental Effort, School Resources, and Student Achievement
利用美国全国教育纵向研究数据，发现家长努力对学生成绩有显著正向影响，且效果大于学校资源；同时家长会因学校资源增加而减少自身努力，存在“挤出效应”。
This article investigates an important factor in student achievement—parental involvement. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study (NELS), we estimate a value-added education production function that includes parental effort as an input. Parental effort equations are also estimated as a function of child, parent, household, and school characteristics. Our results suggest that parental effort has a strong positive effect on achievement that is large relative to the effect of school resources and is not captured by family background variables. Parents appear to reduce their effort in response to increased school resources, suggesting potential "crowding out" of school resources.