Peer Effects in Welfare Dependence
利用瑞典难民安置政策的外生变化，区分同伴数量和质量，发现安置在福利依赖社区会加剧长期福利依赖，而同伴数量无关或负相关，且结果在不同家庭类型和收入分布中一致。
Abstract This paper examines peer effects in welfare use among refugees. We exploit a Swedish refugee placement policy, which generated exogenous variation in peer group composition. Our analysis distinguishes between the quantity of contacts—the number of individuals of the same ethnicity—and the quality of contacts—welfare use among members of the ethnic group. Long-term welfare dependence increases if the individual is placed in a welfare dependent community. The number of contacts is either irrelevant or negatively related to welfare receipt; not controlling for residential self-selection yields the opposite conclusion. The results are very similar across household types and in different parts of the predicted earnings distribution.