Wasteful Commuting
检验单中心城市模型预测通勤距离的能力，发现实际通勤距离约为模型预测的8倍；随机选择住房和工作的通勤量比实际高出约25%。
In this paper I examine the ability of the monocentric models to predict the mean length of commute in urban areas. I compare actual mean commute with that which is predicted by monocentric models and find that actual commuting distance is about eight times greater than that predicted by the model. Next I calculate the volume of commuting which would result if people chose their houses and jobs at random, making no effort to economize on commuting. This overpredicts actual commuting by about 25 percent.