Alternative Questionnaire Formats for Country Image Studies
研究比较了两种基于语义差异量表的问卷格式在国家形象研究中的信度和效度，发现两者信度相近但不等价，使用不同格式的研究可能无法直接比较。
Two different questionnaire formats based on the semantic differential scale have been used in comparative image studies of countries. The authors test the reliability and validity of each format and find that though the two formats have nearly equal reliability, they are not equivalent. Country image studies that have different questionnaire formats may not be comparable, even if the scale items are the same.