Individual attributes and leadership style: predicting the use of punishment and its effects
研究领导者的身体素质和道德推理水平如何影响其使用惩罚的方式，以及不同惩罚方式对领导有效性的作用。
This study examined attributes of leaders that influenced their use of contingent and noncontingent punishment and the results of using punishment on leader effectiveness. Results indicated that leaders with higher levels of physical fitness and moral reasoning were more likely to use contingent punishment, while those with lower self-esteem were more likely to use noncontingent punishment. Noncontingent punishment negatively impacted leader effectiveness, while contingent punishment positively impacted leader effectiveness. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.