Pasture taxes and agricultural intensification in southern Mali
研究结合生物物理模拟与农户模型，发现对马里南部自由放牧征收较低牧场税（约每牲畜单位每年3美元）可促使农户转向集约化圈养，且净成本仅约1美元，有助于提升社区福利。
Abstract This study integrates biophysical simulation data with a farm household model of intertemporal optimization, to investigate changing crop‐livestock management practices in the Sudano‐Guinean zone of Mali. Over a 15‐yr time horizon we find that free grazing on the commons remains more attractive to the representative household than adopting more labor‐and capital‐intensive confinement systems, but that a relatively low level of pasture tax (around US$3 per livestock unit per year) would be sufficient to induce intensification. Because confinement raises output, the net cost of the tax to the household is only about US$1 per unit per year. Imposing pasture taxes to induce intensification could raise community welfare, if the value of commons resources liberated by reduced grazing pressure exceeds that level.