Open Versus Closed Innovation: A Model of Discovery and Divergence
通过模拟模型，研究了开放式创新何时优于封闭式创新，发现开放有助于发现产品特征组合，但合作伙伴目标分歧会限制技术轨迹的建立，需权衡发现收益与分歧成本。
When is open innovation superior to closed innovation? Through a formal simulation model we show that an open approach to innovation allows the firm to discover combinations of product features that would be hard to envision under integration. However, when partners have divergent goals, open innovation restricts the firm's ability to establish the product's technological trajectory. The resolution of the trade-off between benefits of discovery and costs of divergence determines the best approach to innovation.