Watch the time carefully: The use and misuse of time effects in management research
通过分析1988-1992年两本顶级管理期刊上的研究，识别了五种时间效应的定义与操作化方式，并揭示了三种常见的时间序列错误，对管理研究中的时间效应使用提出警示。
This article assesses how management researchers have used, and in some cases misused, time effects in their research designs, data analyses, and interpretations. Drawing from a content analysis of studies appearing in the Academy of Management Journal and Administrative Science Quarterly over the years 1988-1992, five different approaches for defining and operationalizing time effects are identified. Evaluation within and across these five approaches reveals three recurring patterns of "time series errors. " The implications of these "errors "for studies with, and on time are provided.