Evolution of land tenure institutions and development of agroforestry: evidence from customary land areas of Sumatra
研究发现，在习惯土地制度下，对植树者授予安全个人所有权会促使提前植树，虽然从私人角度看低效，但从全球环境视角可能高效。基于苏门答腊实地数据，预期土地保有安全增加确实导致提前植树，且习惯土地制度正随土地稀缺而向更安全方向演变。
It is widely believed that land tenure insecurity under a customary tenure system leads to a socially inefficient resource allocation. This article demonstrates that the practice of granting secure individual ownership to tree planters spurs earlier tree planting, which is inefficient from the private point of view but could be efficient from the viewpoint of the global environment. Regression analysis, based on primary data collected in Sumatra, indicates that an expected increase in tenure security in fact led to early tree planting. It is also found that customary land tenure institutions have been evolving towards greater tenure security responding to increasing scarcity of land.