What Lies Beneath: The Political Roots of State Merit Systems
研究了1900至1939年间美国各州采用功绩制度的时间差异，发现人口、经济、结构和政治因素（如恩庇选区增长、澳大利亚选票使用、政党竞争、恩庇资源减少和大萧条）影响了政治家对功绩原则的偏好，而非传统文献强调的行政改革逻辑。
The history of the rise and diffusion of the merit principle in American government is common lore to students of public administration and political science. Several descriptive accounts notwithstanding, scholars have ignored an intriguing puzzle vis‐à‐vis state merit adoptions: Why did some states adopt merit systems early in the twentieth century while other states followed suit decades later, and then only when they were forced to do so by the federal government? When we analyze state merit adoptions that occurred between 1900 and 1939 we find nationwide and state‐specific demographic, economic, structural, and political factors—for example, growth in patronage constituencies; the use of the Australian ballot; political party competition; dwindling patronage resources post‐Pendleton; and the onset of the Great Depression—that shifted politicians' preferences for the merit principle rather than patronage. Our research thus breaks sharply with the extant literature by emphasizing the political undercurrents of merit reform.