Dams
利用河流梯度作为工具变量，研究印度大型灌溉大坝对农业生产和农村贫困的影响，发现大坝下游地区农业增产、贫困减少，但大坝所在地区农业波动加剧、贫困增加，表明市场和政府未能缓解大坝建设的负面分配效应。
This paper studies the productivity and distributional effects of large irrigation dams in India. Our instrumental variable estimates exploit the fact that river gradient affects a district's suitability for dams. In districts located downstream from a dam, agricultural production increases, and vulnerability to rainfall shocks declines. In contrast, agricultural production shows an insignificant increase in the district where the dam is located but its volatility increases. Rural poverty declines in downstream districts but increases in the district where the dam is built, suggesting that neither markets nor state institutions have alleviated the adverse distributional impacts of dam construction.