The Residential Segregation of Immigrants in the United States from 1850 to 1940
研究了1850至1940年间美国移民的居住隔离程度，发现农村、小工厂镇和非欧洲来源移民隔离水平高，且早期20世纪移民空间同化缓慢。
We provide the first estimates of immigrant residential segregation between 1850 and 1940 that cover the entire United States and are consistent across time and space. To do so, we adapt the Logan–Parman method to immigrants by measuring segregation based on the nativity of the next-door neighbor. In addition to providing a consistent measure of segregation, we also document new patterns such as high levels of segregation in rural areas, in small factory towns and for non-European sources. Early twentieth-century immigrants spatially assimilated at a slow rate, leaving immigrants’ lived experience distinct from natives for decades after arrival.