Opportunism is not the only reason why firms exist: why an explanatory emphasis on opportunism may mislead management strategy
质疑威廉姆森及其追随者将机会主义作为交易成本分析核心的做法，指出合同违约或不完全履行还有其他重要来源，过度强调机会主义会误导对企业内部运作的理解和组织设计实践。
The object of the present essay is neither to overturn transaction cost economics nor to deny the reality of opportunism. Instead, it is to question the explanatory role of the concept of opportunism in the transaction cost analysis of Oliver Williamson and his followers. Williamson has suggested that potential or actual opportunism emerges as the source of the ‘transaction costs’ involved in monitoring and enforcing contracts. On the contrary, it is shown here that there are several additional and likely sources of contract default or incomplete performance. Williamson's explanatory concentration on opportunism thus misidentifies the reasons for different hierarchical governance structures in the real world. As these additional sources are ignored, the emphasis on opportunism can impair a true understanding of the inner workings of the firm, and be a misleading guide for practical questions of organizational design and corporate strategy.