Endogenizing fractionalization
论证了社会分化不仅是制度不良的原因，更是其结果，通过分析前殖民时期非洲的贸易信号机制，揭示殖民制度如何破坏这些信号并阻碍跨群体合作，从而抑制经济增长。
In this paper I identify fractionalization as a consequence rather than solely a cause of poor institutions. I investigate how heterogeneous agents in precolonial Africa relied on social distance-reducing signals to make trade with one another possible. I then show how colonial institutions created noise in these signals, inhibiting widespread cooperation. By stifling trade between diverse agents, colonial institutions contributed to Africa's poor economic growth.