Is Marriage Always Good for Children?
研究了未婚母亲对黑人及西班牙裔子女高中辍学率的影响，利用男性监禁率作为工具变量，发现未观测因素驱动了负面关联，对西班牙裔子女而言，未婚母亲可能更有利。
Abstract Never-married motherhood is associated with worse educational outcomes for children. But this association may reflect other factors that also determine family structure, rather than causal effects. We use incarceration rates for men as instrumental variables in estimating the effect of never-married motherhood on the high school dropout rate of black and His-panic children. We find that unobserved factors drive the negative relationship between never-married motherhood and child education, at least for children of women whose marriage decisions are affected by incarceration of men. For Hispanics we find evidence that these children actually may be better off living with a never-married mother.