CRIME AND PUNISHMENT IN MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL: THE CASE OF THE DESIGNATED HITTER AND HIT BATTERS
利用微观数据控制成本收益因素，发现投手策略性地投触身球，且要求投手击球的威慑效应解释了联盟间60%-80%的触身球差异。
"Past studies have found a positive correlation between the use of the designated hitter in baseball and hit batters, but the reason for this is debatable. Using a new micro-level data set of individual plate appearances, we control for detailed cost-benefit attributes that affect the decision calculus of the pitcher to isolate the deterrent impact of requiring the pitcher to bat. We find that pitchers hit batters strategically, and the deterrent effect of requiring pitchers to bat explains 60%-80% of the difference in hit batsmen between leagues. We also identify evidence of direct retaliation against plunking pitchers." ("JEL" D81, KC42, L83) Copyright 2006 Western Economic Association International.