Capturing knowledge and knowing through improvisation: what managers can learn from the thoracic surgery board certification process
研究了胸外科认证过程中如何通过即兴发挥来捕捉知识和认知，并指出管理者可从中学到在复杂多变环境中有效行动的方法。
To compete effectively in the information age, managers must take actions in ambiguous, complex, and rapidly changing environments. A thoracic surgeon facilitates actions that are consequential and difficult to reverse, that require individual and group expertise, and that are based on changing, complex inputs and environments that are often ambiguous and interact in unpredictable ways. We suggest that managers can benefit from learning we have gained from studying the thoracic surgery certification process.