Efficient Routeing for Winter Gritting
比较了两种管理冬季撒盐除冰作业的方法（规范性与规定性），发现简单的路线效率指标在特定情况下可能产生误导。
Winter gritting involves spreading a de-icing agent (usually salt) on to roads when frost, ice or snow may make them dangerously slippery. This paper compares two approaches to the problem of managing this operation efficiently: a normative approach and a prescriptive approach. It concludes that a simple measure of routeing efficiency may be misleading when applied to specific situations.