Information, Avoidance Behavior, and Health
研究南加州臭氧与哮喘的关系，发现烟雾警报显著降低户外设施出勤率，且考虑信息后的臭氧对儿童和老人的影响估计值更大，表明个体主动规避风险，忽略此行为会导致严重偏差。
Abstract This paper assesses whether responses to information about risk impact estimates of the relationship between ozone and asthma in Southern California. Using a regression discontinuity design, I find smog alerts significantly reduce daily attendance at two major outdoor facilities. Using daily time-series regression models that include year-month and small area fixed effects, I find estimates of the effect of ozone for children and the elderly that include information are significantly larger than estimates that do not. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that individuals take substantial action to reduce exposure to risk; estimates ignoring these actions are severely biased.