Political Kludges
研究政策复杂性的起源，通过模型分析政策元素相互纠缠导致难以撤销，以及意识形态极端、立法摩擦等因素如何使复杂性累积，发现耐心不总是美德，远见者可能故意引入复杂政策阻碍对手。
This paper explores the origins of policy complexity. It studies a model where policy is difficult to undo because policy elements are entangled with each other. Policy complexity may accumulate as successive policymakers layer new rules upon existing policy. Complexity emerges and persists in balanced democratic polities, when policymakers are ideologically extreme, and when legislative frictions impede policymaking. Complexity begets complexity: simple policies remain simple, whereas complex policies grow more complex. Patience is not always a virtue: farsighted policymakers may engage in obstructionism, deliberately introducing complex policies to hinder future opponents.