The Pretest in Survey Research: Issues and Preliminary Findings
尽管预测试在调查研究中被广泛认为重要，但方法论关注不足。本文总结了当前实践，并通过实证研究检验受访者口头报告在预测试中的效果，发现其能识别部分问题题目但非全部。
Despite their widely recognized importance in survey research, pretests have received little methodological attention. The authors summarize the current state of the art and report results from an empirical investigation of the effectiveness of respondent verbalizations in pretesting. The results suggest that pretesting is effective in identifying some types of problem questions but not others.