A Longitudinal Study of the Leadership Development Process: Individual Differences Predicting Leader Effectiveness
追踪236名军校男性学员从入学到毕业的领导力发展，发现认知能力、体能、先前影响经历和自尊能预测第四年担任正式领导职务，体能和先前影响经历能预测第四年的领导有效性。
This study tracked the leadership development of 236 male cadets from matriculation through graduation at a military college. Cognitive ability, physical fitness, prior influence experiences, and self-esteem measured in Year I were relevant to predicting those who assumed formal leadership positions in Year 4. Physical fitness and prior influence experiences measured when cadets entered the college predicted leader effectiveness rated in their fourth year. Stress tolerance and moral reasoning levels did not predict leader emergence or effectiveness, though the set of individual difference measures significantly predicted emergence and effectiveness. Physical fitness levels and moral reasoning increased over time for all cadets, though surprisingly, levels of self-esteem and stress tolerance did not increase over time. Overall the study demonstrated that leadership effectiveness and emergence could be predicted from early measures of individual differences.