Why are styles of upward influence neglected? Making the case for a configurational approach to influences
通过两个样本验证了Kipnis和Schmidt提出的四种向上影响风格中的三种（策略家、霰弹枪、旁观者），并检验了理论相关因素与特定风格的关联，呼吁研究者重视影响行为的构型方法。
Kipnis and Schmidt (1988) challenged the traditional between-person focus in upward influence research by the clustering of tactics to identify four broader styles individuals use in influence attempts. Using two diverse samples, findings supported the existence of three of the four styles identified by Kipnis and Schmidt (Tactician, Shotgun, and Bystander). Tests of hypotheses linking theoretical correlates to specific styles suggest that configurational approaches to influence use should not be ignored by researchers.