Intellectual Collaboration
比较了经济学和生物学中智力合作的模式，发现经济学中合作更广泛但署名按字母顺序，而生物学中合作较少但按贡献排序，且这些差异并非源于资金或物质资本的不同。
Intellectual collaboration in science includes formal coauthorship as well as presentation of papers at workshops, seminars, and professional meetings and informal commentary from colleagues, journal referees, and editors. While the incidence and extent of formal coauthorship are greater in biology than in economics, the extent of intellectual collaboration is greater in economics than in biology. Intellectual property rights to coauthored papers in economics tend to be assigned alphabetically, whereas biology is characterized by a strong merit‐based (nonalphabetical) assignment of intellectual property rights. These patterns do not result from differences in the relative importance of funding/physical capital.