Regional problems are “balance-of-payments” problems
提出了一个需求导向的区域增长与失业模型，认为区域增长缓慢和高失业本质上是国际收支问题，源于贸易部门薄弱并通过哈罗德贸易乘数发挥作用，对关注区域经济失衡的学者有参考价值。
Thirlwall A. P. (1980) Regional problems are balance-of-payments problems, Reg. Studies 14, 419–425. A demand-oriented model of regional growth and unemployment is developed in which it is argued that regional problems of slow growth and high unemployment are, in essence, balance-of-payments problems stemming from a weak trading sector, working through the Harrod trade multiplier. The model contrasts with the supply orientated models of neoclassical theory with their stress on factor supplies and productivity growth, apparently exogenously given and independent of demand. The model is in the Keynesian spirit, with supply adjusting to demand through factor mobility and with exports as the major component of autonomous regional demand.