Expertise in professional software design: A process study.
研究对比了12名高绩效和12名中等绩效的软件设计师，发现高绩效者更注重局部规划和反馈处理，而中等绩效者更关注需求分析和无关认知，且两组经验年限无差异。
A Process StudyForty professional software designers participated in a study in which they worked on a software design task and reported strategies for accomplishing that task.High performers were identified by a peer-nomination method and performance on a design.Verbal protocol analysis based on a comparison of 12 high and 12 moderate performers indicated that high performers structured their design process by local planning and showed more feedback processing, whereas moderate performers were more engaged in analyzing requirements and verbalizing task-irrelevant cognitions.High performers more often described problem comprehension and cooperation with colleagues as useful strategies.High and moderate performers did not differ with respect to length of experience.None of the differences between the two performance groups could be explained by length of experience.Starting with de Groot' s (1978) early study on worldclass chess players, expertise research became a quickly expanding research area within cognitive psychology (Chi, Glaser, & Farr, 1988; Ericsson & Smith, 1991b).More recently, Ford and Kraiger (1995) stressed the importance of expertise research for applied purposes.When designing training and personnel selection procedures, organizations need detailed information about skills and other characteristics required in the work process.In this context, identifying characteristics of expert professionals is extremely useful.Ericsson and Smith (1991a) characterized the goal of expertise research as being able to "understand and account for what distinguishes outstanding individuals in a domain from less outstanding individuals" (p.2).Thus, on the conceptual level expertise is equated with high and exceptional performance.However, within most studies, advanced students or professionals within a domain were