Markets in Real Electric Networks Require Reactive Prices
指出，在电力网络中，由于环流和电压约束的存在，传统的直流负荷模型无法准确估计节点电价，必须采用完整的交流模型来确定有功和无功功率的现货价格，这对电力市场设计有重要指导意义。
Differences in locational spot prices in an electric network provide the natural measure of the price for transmission. The ubiquitous problem of loop flow requires different economic intuition for interpreting the implications of spot pricing. The DC-Load model is the usual approximation for estimating spot prices, although it ignores reactive power effects. This approximation is best when thermal constraints create congestion in the network. In the presence of voltage constraints, the DC-Load model is insufficient, and the full AC-Model is required to determine both real and reactive power spot prices.