A Market Test for Discrimination in the English Professional Soccer Leagues
利用1978-93年39家英国足球俱乐部的平衡面板数据，通过市场检验方法，发现如果俱乐部工资单反映球员生产力，那么雇佣高于平均比例黑人球员的俱乐部在控制工资后表现更好，这证明了种族歧视的存在。
This paper proposes a market test for racial discrimination in salary setting in English league soccer over the period 1978–93 using a balanced panel of 39 clubs. If there is a competitive market for the services of players, the wage bill of the club will reflect their productivity and hence the performance of the club in the league. Discrimination can be said to exist if clubs fielding an above‐average proportion of black players systematically outperform clubs with a below‐average proportion of black players, after one controls for the wage bill. Statistically significant evidence of discrimination in this sense is found.