A modest proposal for inclusion of women's household human capital production in analysis of structural transformation
研究发现新古典经济学关于结构转型的典型事实在性别维度存在异常，女性经济活动率远低于男性且与人均GDP相关性弱，提出女性缺失劳动力投入了第四部门即人力资本生产与维护，并首次粗略估算该部门价值。
Neoclassical economists posit a set of stylized facts which mark the structural transformation of national economies. Yet these facts, when disaggregated by gender, exhibit puzzling anomalies. For the 132 countries in our sample, female rates of economic activity are much lower than men's, and GDP per capita accounts for less than 16 percent of the variation in female rates. We argue that the missing female labor is occupied in a fourth sector – production and maintenance of human capital. Utilizing a series of heroic assumptions, the paper makes a first rough estimate of the value of this sector on a country-by-country basis.