An Alternative Institutional Approach to Rules, Organizations, and Development
研究了19世纪中期少数社会开始大规模制定和执行非人格化规则（即一视同仁的规则）的现象，提出这些规则作为“默认规则”即使未被遵守也能通过执行促进经济和政治发展，为理解法治与发展关系提供新视角。
In the middle of the nineteenth century, a handful of societies began creating and enforcing impersonal rules, rules that treat everyone the same, on a broad scale. The existing institutional literatures, while appreciating the importance of impersonal rules for the rule of law, have not understood how they contribute to economic and political development through rules that are enforced but not followed: default rules. The conceptual importance of impersonal default rules is drawn out and then applied to better understand both economic and political development in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.